William Graham Sumner Quotes

Powerful William Graham Sumner for Daily Growth

About William Graham Sumner

William Graham Sumner (1840-1910), an influential American sociologist and economist, was born on January 30, 1840, in Paterson, New Jersey. His father, Reverend Thomas Sumner, was a Congregational minister, and his mother, Maria Woolsey Sumner, was the daughter of a prominent judge. This intellectual heritage laid the foundation for William's future academic pursuits. Sumner studied at Andover Theological Seminary but soon developed an interest in social issues and political economy, leading him to transition from theology to economics and sociology. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1869, where he later became a professor and established himself as a significant figure in American academia. Sumner's work was heavily influenced by the principles of laissez-faire capitalism and social Darwinism. His major works include "Folkways" (1875), which examines traditional social norms, and "The Science of Sociology" (1884), where he defines sociology as the study of human association. However, his most famous work is "Forcible Disarmament" (1886), a critique of socialism that introduced the concept of the 'Voluntary State' - a government that limits its role to the protection of life and property. Despite his conservative views, Sumner was a strong advocate for social reform and education, particularly for the underprivileged. He championed the idea that society should help individuals who are unable to help themselves but not those considered shiftless or unworthy. This perspective has been criticized as being harsh and elitist. William Graham Sumner passed away on October 10, 1910. His works continue to influence economic and sociological thought, and his name is synonymous with the concept of 'Sumners' Law,' which suggests that social reforms often have unintended consequences.

Interpretations of Popular Quotes

"The art of government consists in taking as much money as possible from one class of citizens and giving it to another."

This quote by William Graham Sumner suggests that an essential function of government is redistributive policies, where resources (in this case, primarily financial) are taken from one group of citizens and given to another. In modern terms, it highlights the idea that governments often act to address social and economic inequality by implementing taxation and welfare systems. However, this quote implies a negative perspective on such practices, suggesting they may lead to an unjust concentration of power or resources, potentially fostering resentment among the group from whom resources are taken.


"Charity destroys both charity and its recipients."

William Graham Sumner's quote suggests that in the long run, unrestricted charitable giving may weaken the spirit of self-reliance and personal responsibility among those who receive aid. By taking away the incentive for individuals to help themselves, continuous charity can ultimately undermine both the giver (as their resources are depleted) and the receiver (by fostering dependence). The goal should be to empower individuals, not create a culture of permanent reliance on others.


"Things are not right or wrong absolutely, but only relatively, right or expedient for a particular purpose or end."

This quote by William Graham Sumner suggests that moral and ethical values are not inherently good or bad, but rather they serve specific purposes or goals within a given context. What is considered right or wrong can vary greatly depending on the perspective, culture, or situation one finds oneself in. In other words, things aren't universally defined as either "right" or "wrong," but instead are evaluated based on their usefulness or effectiveness in achieving certain ends or objectives.


"There are no distinct lines of demarcation between social classes; they blend into one another."

William Graham Sumner's quote emphasizes that social classes, though often perceived as distinct entities with clear boundaries, are not so rigid in reality. Instead, there is a continuous flow or blending among different societal strata. This suggests the complexity of societal structure where one's class may not be easily defined and can change over time due to factors such as education, occupation, wealth, and even personal choices. The quote also highlights the need for understanding and empathy across social classes in order to foster a more cohesive and inclusive society.


"The best way to ensure permanent liberty for the state is to make it impossible for any one man or group of men to get too much power."

William Graham Sumner's quote underscores the importance of distributing political power evenly across a society to prevent any individual or group from gaining excessive influence, thereby preserving the state's liberty permanently. In other words, by minimizing the concentration of power, we can maintain the stability and freedom of a nation, ensuring that decisions are made in the best interest of all citizens rather than a select few.


It is often said that the earth belongs to the race, as if raw land was a boon, or gift.

- William Graham Sumner

Gift, Race, Belongs, Boon

A good father believes that he does wisely to encourage enterprise, productive skill, prudent self-denial, and judicious expenditure on the part of his son.

- William Graham Sumner

Father's Day, Expenditure, Judicious

A drunkard in the gutter is just where he ought to be, according to the fitness and tendency of things. Nature has set upon him the process of decline and dissolution by which she removes things which have survived their usefulness.

- William Graham Sumner

Process, Which, Usefulness, Gutter

The aggregation of large fortunes is not at all a thing to be regretted.

- William Graham Sumner

Large, Thing, Fortunes, Regretted

It is a beneficent incident of the ownership of land that a pioneer who reduces it to use, and helps to lay the foundations of a new State, finds a profit in the increasing value of land as the new State grows up.

- William Graham Sumner

New, Grows, Lay, Profit

It is the tendency of the social burdens to crush out the middle class, and to force society into an organization of only two classes, one at each social extreme.

- William Graham Sumner

Middle, Social, Tendency, Burdens

I have before me a newspaper slip on which a writer expresses the opinion that no one should be allowed to possess more than one million dollars' worth of property.

- William Graham Sumner

Newspaper, Before, Which, Million Dollars

Men never cling to their dreams with such tenacity as at the moment when they are losing faith in them, and know it, but do not dare yet to confess it to themselves.

- William Graham Sumner

Dreams, Faith, Them, Cling

Before the tribunal of nature, a man has no more right to life than a rattlesnake; he has no more right to liberty than any wild beast; his right to the pursuit of happiness is nothing but a license to maintain the struggle for existence, if he can find within himself the powers with which to do it.

- William Graham Sumner

Pursuit, Maintain, Before, Struggle

We are to see the development of the country pushed forward at an unprecedented rate by an aggregation of capital, and a systematic application of it under the direction of competent men.

- William Graham Sumner

Development, Country, Unprecedented

The waste of capital, in proportion to the total capital, in this country between 1800 and 1850, in the attempts which were made to establish means of communication and transportation, was enormous.

- William Graham Sumner

Country, Waste, Which, Establish

Then, again, the ability to organize and conduct industrial, commercial, or financial enterprises is rare; the great captains of industry are as rare as great generals.

- William Graham Sumner

Commercial, Again, Generals, Enterprises

Labor organizations are formed, not to employ combined effort for a common object, but to indulge in declamation and denunciation, and especially to furnish an easy living to some officers who do not want to work.

- William Graham Sumner

Living, Some, Employ, Formed

The criminal law needs to be improved to meet new forms of crime, but to denounce financial devices which are useful and legitimate because use is made of them for fraud, is ridiculous and unworthy of the age in which we live.

- William Graham Sumner

Financial, Use, Improved, Forms

Undoubtedly there are, in connection with each of these things, cases of fraud, swindling, and other financial crimes; that is to say, the greed and selfishness of men are perpetual.

- William Graham Sumner

Financial, Other, Cases, Selfishness

I never have known a man of ordinary common-sense who did not urge upon his sons, from earliest childhood, doctrines of economy and the practice of accumulation.

- William Graham Sumner

Childhood, Practice, Economy, Doctrines

It is remarkable that jealousy of individual property in land often goes along with very exaggerated doctrines of tribal or national property in land.

- William Graham Sumner

Goes, Individual, Very, Doctrines

Civil liberty is the status of the man who is guaranteed by law and civil institutions the exclusive employment of all his own powers for his own welfare.

- William Graham Sumner

Law, Own, Civil Liberty, Powers

Moreover, there is an unearned increment on capital and on labor, due to the presence, around the capitalist and the laborer, of a great, industrious, and prosperous society.

- William Graham Sumner

Capital, Capitalist, Industrious

There ought to be no laws to guarantee property against the folly of its possessors.

- William Graham Sumner

Against, Laws, Folly, Ought

The men who start out with the notion that the world owes them a living generally find that the world pays its debt in the penitentiary or the poor house.

- William Graham Sumner

Start, Living, Owes, Pays

If I want to be free from any other man's dictation, I must understand that I can have no other man under my control.

- William Graham Sumner

Want, Understand, Other, Dictation

The forgotten man... He works, he votes, generally he prays, but his chief business in life is to pay.

- William Graham Sumner

Business, Works, His, Votes

Any one who believes that any great enterprise of an industrial character can be started without labor must have little experience of life.

- William Graham Sumner

Started, Enterprise, Any, Industrial

There is every indication that we are to see new developments of the power of aggregated capital to serve civilization, and that the new developments will be made right here in America.

- William Graham Sumner

New, Here, Developments, Indication

One thing must be granted to the rich: they are goodnatured.

- William Graham Sumner

Rich, Must, One Thing, Granted

Men of routine or men who can do what they are told are not hard to find; but men who can think and plan and tell the routine men what to do are very rare.

- William Graham Sumner

Think, Find, Very, Routine

We throw all our attention on the utterly idle question whether A has done as well as B, when the only question is whether A has done as well as he could.

- William Graham Sumner

Question, Idle, Could, Utterly

Perhaps they do not recognize themselves, for a rich man is even harder to define than a poor one.

- William Graham Sumner

Poor, Perhaps, Even, Recognize

Joint-stock companies are yet in their infancy, and incorporated capital, instead of being a thing which can be overturned, is a thing which is becoming more and more indispensable.

- William Graham Sumner

Becoming, Capital, Which, Indispensable

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